What Do You Do if There Is No Author to Cite Mla
MLA In-text Citations | A Complete Guide (9th Edition)
An MLA in-text citation provides the author's final proper noun and a folio number in parentheses.
If a source has ii authors, name both. If a source has more than than two authors, proper name only the first author, followed by "et al."
If the part you're citing spans multiple pages, include the full page range. If yous want to cite multiple non-consecutive pages at the aforementioned time, separate the page numbers with commas.
| Number of authors | Example |
|---|---|
| ane writer | (Moore 37) |
| ii authors | (Moore and Patel 48–50) |
| 3+ authors | (Moore et al. 59, 34) |
Each in-text commendation must correspond to a total reference in the list of Works Cited. You can create and salvage your citations with the gratis Scribbr Citation Generator.
Where to include an MLA in-text citation
Place the parenthetical citation directly afterwards the relevant quote or paraphrase, and before the period or other punctuation mark (except with block quotes, where the citation comes after the period).
If you have already named the author in the judgement, add only the page number in parentheses. When mentioning a source with three or more authors exterior of parentheses, use "and others" or "and colleagues" in place of "et al."
- MLA is the second nigh popular citation style (Smith and Morrison 17–19).
- Co-ordinate to Smith and Morrison, MLA is the second well-nigh popular citation style (17–19).
- APA is by far "the most used citation fashion in the US" (Moore et al. 74), but it is less dominant in the Uk (Smith sixteen).
- Moore and colleagues state that APA is more popular in the US than elsewhere (74).
Combining citations
If a sentence is supported by more than one source, you can combine the citations in a unmarried set up of parentheses. Split up the two sources with a semicolon.
Livestock farming is ane of the biggest global contributors to climatic change (Garcia 64; Davies 14).
Consecutive citations of the same source
If you cite the same source repeatedly within a paragraph, you can include the full citation the starting time time y'all cite it, then just the page number for subsequent citations.
MLA is the 2d nigh popular citation style (Smith and Morrison 17–19). It is more popular than Chicago style, but less popular than APA (21).
You can do this as long as it remains clear what source you're citing. If y'all cite something else in between or starting time a new paragraph, reintroduce the full citation once again to avert ambiguity.
For sources with no named author, the in-text citation must match the kickoff element of the Works Cited entry. This may be the name of an organization, or the championship of the source.
If the source title or organization name is longer than 4 words, shorten information technology to the showtime word or phrase in the in-text citation, excluding whatsoever articles (a, an, and the). The shortened title or organization name should brainstorm with the give-and-take the source is alphabetized by in the Works Cited.
Follow the full general MLA rules for formatting titles: If the source is a self-contained work (e.g. a whole website or an entire book), put the title in italics; if the source is contained inside a larger whole (eastward.m. a page on a website or a chapter of a book), put the championship in quotation marks.
| Total source title or arrangement name | In-text citation |
|---|---|
| Amnesty International Report 2017/2018: The State of the World's Homo Rights | (Amnesty International Report 187) |
| "Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions" | ("Sources") |
| "A Quick Guide to Proofreading" | ("Quick Guide") |
| National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Academy | (National Academy 24) |
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Citing sources with no page numbers
If a source does non have folio numbers just is divided into numbered parts (e.thousand. chapters, sections, scenes, Bible books and verses, Articles of the Constitution, or timestamps), utilise these numbers to locate the relevant passage.
If the source does not apply whatever numbering system, include only the author's proper noun in the in-text citation. Don't include paragraph numbers unless they are explicitly numbered in the source.
| Source type | What to do | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Source divided into numbered parts | Add together a comma after the author and requite a paragraph, section, or affiliate number with a relevant abbreviation. | (Luxemburg, ch. 26) |
| Play with numbered lines | Include the act, scene, and line numbers, separated by periods, instead of a folio number. | (Shakespeare i.2.95) |
| Audiovisual source | Include the time range as displayed in the media player. | (Wynn ten:23–45) |
| Source with no numbered divisions | Include simply the author's proper name (or, if there is no author, the shortened title). | (Rajaram) |
Note that if there are no numbered divisions and y'all have already named the author in your judgement, so no parenthetical citation is necessary.
Citing different sources with the same writer name
If your Works Cited page includes more than one entry under the same concluding name, yous need to distinguish between these sources in your in-text citations.
Multiple sources by the same author
If you cite more than i work by the same author, add a shortened championship to indicate which source yous are referring to.
(Butler, "Performative Acts" 522)
In this example, the start source is a whole volume, so the title appears in italics; the second is an article published in a journal, so the title appears in quotation marks.
Different authors with the same concluding name
To distinguish between different authors with the same terminal name, employ the authors' initials (or, if the initials are the same, full first names) in your in-text citations:
(J. Butler 27)
Citing sources indirectly
Sometimes y'all might want to cite something that you constitute quoted in a secondary source. If possible, always seek out the original source and cite it directly.
If you can't access the original source, make sure to proper name both the original author and the writer of the source that you accessed. Utilise the abbreviation "qtd. in" (short for "quoted in") to indicate where you found the quotation.
In these cases, simply the source you accessed straight is included in the Works Cited list.
Frequently asked questions nigh MLA in-text citations
- How do I cite information from a footnote in MLA way?
-
Some source types, such every bit books and journal articles, may contain footnotes (or endnotes) with additional information. MLA way provides guidelines for referring to information from a annotation in an in-text citation:
- To cite data from a single numbered note, write "n" after the page number, and and so write the note number, e.thousand. (Smith 105n2)
- To cite information from multiple numbered notes, write "nn" and include a range, east.chiliad. (Smith 77nn1–2)
- To cite information from an unnumbered notation, write "united nations" after the page number, with a space in between, e.m. (Jones 250 united nations)
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